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Brain stem diagram11/28/2023 The medulla oblongata, or the medulla, is at the bottom of the brainstem, where the brain and spinal cord meet. It is primarily involved in motor functions (particularly eye movement) and audio and visual processing. The midbrain is a highly complex structure with many neuron clusters, pathways, and other structures. It includes three parts: the midbrain, the medulla oblongata, and the pons. The brainstem is at the base of the brain and connects the cerebrum and the spinal cord. The surface of the brain appears wrinkly because the cortex has folds and grooves to maximize surface area relative to brain volume. This tissue is about 2.5 millimeters thick and is made up of gray matter (nerve-cell bodies and nerve fibers). The cerebrum is covered by a layer of tissue called the cerebral cortex, which is the outermost layer of the brain and where most of the actual information processing in the brain takes place. The occipital lobe is mainly responsible for processing visual information. The temporal lobe is responsible for processing and interpreting sound (including language) and plays a role in forming and retrieving memories. The parietal lobe is responsible for sensory processing and perceiving stimuli like pressure, temperature, and pain. The frontal lobe also plays a role in reasoning, decision-making, planning, and emotion regulation. It controls executive functions, a set of cognitive processes that are necessary to manage behavior and meet goals (like time management, organizational skills, and the ability to switch focus). The frontal lobe is the largest of the lobes and the most complex part of the brain. The cerebrum is split into two hemispheres (left and right), and each hemisphere has four lobes: It makes up nearly 85% of the brain and is where most of the important brain functions happen. When most people imagine a human brain, they’re picturing the cerebrum. Even so, the brain is so complex that this research will continue for decades to come. There’s a lot that scientists still don’t know about the brain and how it works, but many large-scale national and international projects have launched in recent years dedicated to understanding the brain. It is the central organ of the human nervous system and contains about 86 billion nerve cells (neurons). The human brain is often referred to as the body’s “command center” – it’s active at all times and responsible for our thoughts, feelings, and actions.
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